Dr. Shazia Nazeer

How Antimicrobial Resistance Spread and Emerge? How antimicrobial resistance spread? Antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that emerges and spreads through a complex process or antimicrobial resistance mechanisms which involves Basically emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a natural process and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms are already present in bacteria genetically. However, human activities for example overuse and … Read more

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Types There are two basic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria which contribute in spread & dissemination of antibiotic resistance including Intrinsic Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Intrinsic (natural) resistance, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, is defines as the innate ability of the bacterial specie or genus to resist particular class of drugs. … Read more

Why New Antibiotic Drug Discovery is Important? Since discovery of first antibiotic by Alexander Fleming, antibiotics are continuously used to treat deadly bacterial infections and they are still in excessive use. But with the passage of time no multidrug resistant bacteria or “super bugs” infections and outbreaks are rapidly rising which is alarming because because … Read more

The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 published a report showing serious concerns about new drug developments and antibiotic discovery under clinical trials or antibiotic development pipeline. WHO New drug developments are the need of time due to rapidly spreading drug resistance bacteria but new antibiotics pipeline has fewer drugs which are not sufficient for … Read more

Multidrug resistant bacteria or “super bugs” are emerging rapidly nowadays causing deadly infections becuase of ineffectiveness of available antimicrobials or treatment options. World Health Organization Multidrug Resistant or Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)–Producing Bacteria Firstly, ESBL producing gram negative species of bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae are identified to possess acquired resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics by production of enzymes … Read more

What is bacterial chromosome or genome? Bacterial chromosome and plasmid called bacterial genome is the whole set of genomic/genetic material found in the form of double helix DNA within the bacterial chromosome(s) of a bacteria including genes and non-coding regions. What does bacterial genomics mean? Every organisms on the Earth carries a genome which encodes … Read more

After Antimicrobial drugs or antibiotic (Penicillin was the first drug discovered in 1928) by Alexander Fleming discovery of antibiotics (Penicillin was the first drug discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming), scientists believed that the war against infectious bacteria is over because it attributed to 70 percent decline in deaths due to infectious bacterial infections. With … Read more